The United States Political System - 567 Words

Mankind has always undergone trends in a cyclical manor. However, as society presses forward, the relative minima and maxima tend to break the threshold at an increasing rate meaning that what would be considered normal is shortly lived. Today we live in a society where factions divide the nation in their plight to achieve an organized force of ideas. The Political parties of the modern era have become far more organized and are no longer looking to support ideas but are ever hungry to maintain and gain political power rather than represent a people’s voice. Our democratic republic relies on the organized and informed voter to maintain a balance of control between the people and the government. This is argued in Thomas Edison’s 10th federalist paper in which he states, â€Å"If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote†¦ it will be unable to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed...† Here we see the need forShow MoreRelatedThe United States Political System935 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States political system is dominated by an intense battle for power. Those who have control, have the ability to influence the way our nation is operated. While every citizen has the opportunity to impact politics, some citizens and groups are at a disadvantage. In America, we struggle to ensure that every individual has a chance to equally participate in the political process . Although anyone can run for political office in the United States, the cost of a campaign is expensive. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States1053 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that the United States is the most powerful nation on earth; politically, economically and militarily(1). Even though the U.S. is the second largest democracy in the world, India being the first, it is considered rare, compared to other systems in the world. Where did the founders of the U.S. get their ideas for the political system we have today? The U.S. political system is made up of many components and there are several factors the contributed to what the U.S. political system is today. SuchRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States2164 Words   |  9 PagesExtended Essay Rough Draft The political system of the United States of America is based upon democratic and republican principles, giving birth to the representative democracy that is our government today. Over the many years since the founding of the nation and our first president, George Washington, politics has separated itself into factions, more commonly called parties, based on common and shared beliefs, religion, and ideals. The development of these parties has encouraged corruption toRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States1813 Words   |  8 PagesJefferson, an American Founding Father once wrote that â€Å"design activity and political thought are indivisible,† stating that architecture acts as a vital instrument in conveying political image. In this case, the prominent symbols of government in any polity would be the national parliamentary buildings as they demonstrate faith in the cultural identity of a nation internally as well as foreign country. Likewise, United States of Ame rica is known as a land of democracy and the Congress House of U.SRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesparties are movements that quickly â€Å"sting† and influence American politics dramatically before fading away, leaving behind a two-party system. Though third parties have historically not had much success in presidential elections, they remain important statements against the established two-party system, introducing key ideas and representations into the political system; they symbolize a change as outsiders against the establishment. However, third parties ultimately continue to struggle because of certainRead MoreThe United States And Danish Political System1777 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In recent debates, immigrants have become a hot topic of conversation in both the United States and Danish political system. Jesper Luthman explained, healthcare is politics because of (in)equality in healthcare delivery and methods of prioritizing the multitude of health services offered. With the 2016 United States’ presidential election approaching, policies surrounding refugees and healthcare have been major topics of debate. Similarly, Denmark has been dealing with accommodationRead MoreMedia Influence Political System On The United States967 Words   |  4 PagesMedia influence Political System Media has influence the political system many different ways in the United States. Talking about politics, it is very complicated because there are so many public opinions. Not knowing which candidate is lying or passing a bill and not knowing what is on it. Because most Americans own a smartphone, social media is so enormous and having access to almost anything. While Americans are on the internet, watching television, and listening to the radio or even reading theRead MoreIran s Political System Of The United States950 Words   |  4 PagesA combination of Islamic theocracy with democracy makes Iran’s political system one of the most complex and unusual political system of the world. The clerical regime with a highly complicated government structure has known as an adversary of the U.S. and its allies in the Middle East. While the historical hostility between the countries, is more than the Iran’s nuclear program, but now the center of debates, is Iran’s nucle ar program. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) has reduced tensionsRead MoreThe Separation of Powers in the United States Political System612 Words   |  3 PagesThe Separation of Powers in the United States Political System In the 18th Century, the French philosopher Montesquieu, who had been one of the inspirations behind the French Revolution, argued that limitation would be necessary within government within government in order to avoid tyranny. He identified the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary as the four braches of government which needed to be separated. To do this, he suggested the Separation of Powers, a Read MoreRole Of An Interest Group On The United States And. Texas Political System Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pageson a large public group, such as family and friends of public school-aged children in the United States. Clive S. Thomas states, The most important lobbying forces in any society are the various entities of government: national, regional, and local government agencies and institutions such as the military (Thomas). The role of an interest group in the United States and/or Texas political system is creating a relationship with the staff of congress. This relationship provides a window

Banana Free Essays

The time and temperature change of the reaction are graphed to identify the hanged in enthalpy and entropy that took place as the melted substance solidifies. Using the data we can then predict the change in free energy, GAG . Keyword’s: Entropy, Enthalpy, Free energy, naphthalene II. We will write a custom essay sample on Banana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Enthalpy, H, is a thermodynamic property of a system. It is defined as the sum of internal energy U of a system and the product of the pressure and volume of the system: H = IS+UP The UP term represents the mechanical work done on or by the system. Since we are usually more interested in changes than in absolute values, we could write H = + up Entropy, S, is an another thermodynamic property. Which we can consider as a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. An ordered system has low entropy. A disordered system has high entropy AS equals the heat transferred between the system and Its surroundings divided by T: AS = Q/T = H/T Enthalpy and entropy are different quantities. Entropy has the units of heat, Joules. Entropy has the units of heat divided by temperature, Joules per Kelvin. In this experiment, the group would Like to compare the entropy, AS and enthalpy, AH by monitoring the temperature time during phase change of a melted naphthalene to reeking point. And using the data to predict LEG. Ill. Experimental Section Prepare 250 ml of half full tap water In a beaker to be placed In a ring stand, light the Bunsen burner to begin heating of water. In a large test tube fill half full of thread at the end of the test tube to let it hang in an iron clamp. Place the test tube into the beaker of hot water . Notice the melting of solid crystals. Carefully remove the water bath apparatus and burner from beneath the test tube and begin recording the temperature every after 30 sec, until the naphthalene passes the reeking point of molecules. IV. Results and Discussion Initial Room Temp: 34 c Temperature vs.. Time Based from the results the naphthalene freezes at 840 seconds in 77. 8 degrees Celsius. Freezing reaction is an exothermic process; energy is lost from the water and dissipated to the surroundings. Therefore, as the surroundings get hotter, they are gaining more energy and thus the entropy of the surroundings is increasing. During the process of melting naphthalene, the reaction is said to be endothermic because the system absorbs the energy from its surroundings. The relationship between the mime and temperature is inversely proportional as the time increase the temperature decreases. The Gibbs Free Energy of reaction (G) is an indicator of reaction spontaneity. Obeying the Entropy change and enthalpy change together influence the spontaneity of a chemical reaction. A spontaneous process is capable of proceeding in a given direction without needing to be driven by an outside source of energy. In Second law of thermodynamics, the naturally occurring reactions always move toward a state of lower potential energy. Thus, a reaction with a negative delta applied during the reaction. A reaction that is spontaneous is always accompanied by the net release of free energy (energy available to do useful work). However, some spontaneous reactions require added energy to get started. The energy they finally release includes both this added energy and the calculated free energy of the reaction. V. Conclusion The cooling the reaction is said to be spontaneous because there is no heat applied during the process and enthalpy seemed to be the dominating factor in fingernails. The spontaneity of the process appears to be associated with a highly ordered yester going to a less-ordered, uniform state. How to cite Banana, Papers

Should school stop giving homework for students free essay sample

Homework. This famous works that teachers give for students to do at home. The word the most hated in the school world. Everybody knows what is homework because everybody had to done it when he was young. At the end of the class, it’s not rare that teacher give to the students some works to do for the next class or at a specific date. However, more and more people think that students have too much homework and that schools have to stop giving homework for students. But, some people disagree with this point of view and think that homework are benefic for the students. On Internet you can find some debate websites, which show that 50% of the people think that they have to stop it, and 50% of the people think the opposite1. In my view, all the students should do their homework everyday by working one-hour minimum. First, the students need to learn by practicing. We will write a custom essay sample on Should school stop giving homework for students? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indeed, when you want to learn something, there are no secrets you have to practice. A lot of people think that it’s only valid for sports or to play music, but it’s wrong. Thanks to a study conducted by Hill, Spencer, Alston and Fitzgerald in 1986, we know that homework have a direct impact on the students’ success. They indicate that homework is an inexpensive method of improving student academic preparation without increasing staff or modifying curriculum2. For example, everybody knows the sentence: â€Å"When you are attentive in class, you are learning 50% of your lesson†. But what about the others 50%? They will not arrive with a magical trick. Students should work at home. That the role of the homework. Moreover, it’s better for students to prepare the next class at home and work on what they just learn during the day because they are sometimes too much students in the same class and the teachers can’t explain the lesson for each student, only for all the class. So, sometimes students don’t understand the entire lesson and need more explanations or help. By working at home, they can find some point of the lesson they don’t understand and ask to the teacher more explications quickly at the begging of the next class. Moreover, practice by doing homework can help them to success more during their exams. Take the example of the math. Math are often complicated for the students and they don’t know how to solve the problems. When they are at home, they have to do some exercises to understand the how to solve them and when they are starting to understand they have to do more exercises. At the end, if they do all the exercises, they will solve the problems more quickly during their exams because they don’t have to think about how to do it, but only do it. So, homework can help students to success more during their exams by understanding more the lessons and by practicing their weaknesses. In a second time, by doing their homework, students are learning the notions of hard and personal work. If students were simply going in class and after go home without homework, they would not know what is the concept of work, it would be too easy. When teachers are giving for them homework, they are giving to them another lesson finally. If they learn early that they have to work, they will not be afraid by the big quantity of homework, which is waiting them in high school or university for example. Some quote from Internet like this: â€Å"Homework helps children deal with hard times as they often finish an assignment despite facing difficulties and adversities such as homework of other subjects and paucity of time. †3 shows that students can learn a lot of skills by doing their homework. In another time, by doing their homework they are doing personal work. With the time, they will do their work in personal, because they are learning how to do it. Moreover, the notions of hard work and personal work are important for them, because they will be useful for their future jobs. Indeed, when you are working in a company, you don’t have to wait for someone to work, you have to be personal. Moreover, you can have a lot of work and you have to finish it in time, so you have to know how to work hard and don’t be in stressed to finish it in time and with a good quality of work. So, by doing their homework, they learn how to be an hard worker and a personal worker. Finally, when the students are doing their homework, they are learning how to be independent and organized. According to Internet, â€Å"Homework are the best time management teachers for students of almost all ages. Once they start studying their lessons in the allotted time, they start learning the art of prioritization and also learn how to complete their tasks in a scheduled time. â€Å"4 This quote means that they are starting learn how to be independent and organized. Indeed, to accomplish their homework in time, they have to manage their time, and their workspace: it’s the learning of the organization. Moreover, they should do their homework alone. Sometimes they can ask their parents if they don’t understand something or if they are blocked, but the parents shouldn’t do their homework. By doing their homework alone, they are learning how to take decisions in front of a work alone and be independent. These both skills are really important for their future jobs too. If they can’t be organized, they will not do their in time and in a good quality. Moreover, if they are not independent, they will not work, because their boss will not be all the time with them to tell to them what they have to do, they have to be able to take decisions and initiatives. So, when they do their homework, they are preparing their future life by learning how to be organized and independent. To sum up, some people think that schools should not continue giving homework for students. However, schools should continue to do it, because homework are really important. By doing their homework, they are practicing and learning more and the notions of hard and personal work will not afraid them in the future. Moreover, thanks to the homework, they will be able to be organized and independent. However, students don’t want to do their homework because they are thinking that is boring. So, maybe, we can motivate them by finding another type of homework, more interesting for them by asking them about what they are expecting? Should schools stop giving homework for students? NO by practicing, they learn = homework are practices in future jobs, they will have to work hard. Now the homework are here to learn this to do a a good homework you have to be organized and after they can decide to practice by themselves (be independent) Students should do their homework everyday by working one hour minimum Outline: Schools don’t have to stop giving homework for students because homework are important for their studies. I. They need to learn by practicing II. They are learning the notions of hard and personal work for their future jobs. III. They are learning how to be independent and organized Thesis statement: In my view, all students should do their homework everyday by working one-hour minimum to learn. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY OUTLINE TITLE (Main Idea): Should schools stop giving homework for students? PARAGRAPH 1- INTRODUCTION: Introduce your topic (What are the two sides to the argument? ) SIDE 1: Schools have to stop giving homework for students. SIDE 2: Schools have to continue giving homework for students *THESIS STATEMENT (What you believe in/ What is the main point you will be arguing? They are learning the notions of hard and personal work for their future jobs. Detail/Example: If they don’t have homework, they don’t know what is work by themselves, but it’s important. PARAGRAPH 4 REASON #3 (Why should someone agree with your opinion? ): They are learning how to be independent and organized. Details/Examples: To work alone at home, students have to be organized in their work, they have to learn it. Moreover, they have to learn how to work alone and become independent. PARAGRAPH 5 CONCLUSION (Summarize your thoughts): Schools can’t continue to give homework for students. RESTATE SIDE 2: Homework are important, schools should give them for students. BRIEFLY RESTATE THE 3 REASONS TO AGREE WITH YOU: by doing their homework, they are practicing and learning more – with the homework, the notions of hard and personal work will not afraid them in the future – thanks to the homework, they will be able to be organized and independent. OVERALL, WHY IS YOUR THESIS STATEMENT CORRECT? : Because homework are benefic for the students.

Luther Essay Research Paper Martin Luther was free essay sample

Luther Essay, Research Paper Martin Luther was a German theologist and spiritual reformist, who started the Protestant Reformation, and whose huge influence during his clip period made him one of the important figures in modern European history. Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry, a fact that he frequently stressed. Hans Luther, his male parent, was a Cu mineworker. Luther received a sound primary and secondary instruction at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, having a unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade in 1502 and a maestro # 8217 ; s grade in 1505. He so intended to analyze jurisprudence, as his male parent had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his surveies and his jurisprudence programs, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. The determination surprised his friends and appalled his male parent. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising determination b y remembering several coppices with decease that had occurred at the clip, doing him cognizant of the fugitive character of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther Essay Research Paper Martin Luther was or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the monastery he observed the regulations imposed on a novitiate but did non happen the peace in God he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monastic in the autumn of 1506, and his higher-ups selected him for the priesthood. Ordained in 1507, he approached his first jubilation of the mass with awe. After his ordination, Luther was asked to analyze divinity in order to go a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by monastics. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of the Augustinians and a friend and counsellor, to the new University of Wittenberg ( founded in 1502 ) to give introductory talks in moral doctrine. He received his unmarried man # 8217 ; s grade in divinity in 1509 and returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied. In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a visit to Rome, where he performed the spiritual responsibilities customary for a pious visitant and was shocked by the sophistication of the Roman clergy. Soon after restarting his responsibilities in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg and asked to analyze for the grade of physician of divinity. In 1512, after having his doctors degree, he took over the chair of scriptural divinity which he held till his decease. Although still unsure of God # 8217 ; s love and his ain redemption, Luther was active as a sermonizer, instructor, and decision maker. Sometime during his survey of the New Testament in readying for his talks, he came to believe that Christians are saved non through their ain attempts but by the gift of God # 8217 ; s grace, which they accept in religion. Both the exact day of the month and the location of this experience have been a affair of contention among bookmans, but the event was important in Luther # 8217 ; s life, because it turned him resolutely against some of the major dogmas of the Catholic church. Luther became a populace and controversial figure when he publish ed his Ninety-five Thesiss on October 31, 1517. His chief intent of composing the theses was to demo his resistance for the corruptness and wealth of the pontificate and to province his belief that redemption would be granted on the footing of religion entirely instead so by plants. Although it is by and large believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, some bookmans have questioned this narrative, which does non happen in any of his ain Hagiographas. Regardless of the mode in which his propositions were made public, they caused great exhilaration and were instantly translated into German and widely distributed. Luther # 8217 ; s spirited defence and farther development of his place through public university argument s in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March 1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons. Luther continued his teaching and writing in Witt enberg but soon became involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants’ War (1524-26) because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings. He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily denounced them and supported the princes’ effort to restore order. Although he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles’ Creed, the Lord ’s Prayer, baptism, and the Lord’s Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers’ position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther’s translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center. By 1537, Luther’s health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question of Jesus’ messiahship. Apprehensive about his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben. Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of Western civilization.

Will new machines perk up coffee sales essays

Will new machines perk up coffee sales essays 1. Challenges that Kraft and other coffee sellers face are numerous in terms of competition and trends. Brand-loyal premium coffee drinkers are flocking to Starbucks, which expects to achieve a net revenue growth of 20% in fiscal 2005 . In the supermarket, sales are being taken not only by lower-priced private label brands but also by upscale whole-bean and ground packaged coffee. Tea accounts for an approximate 38% share of overall coffee/tea dollar sales. The coffee market in the US has been slow growing. Between 2002 and 2003, coffee consumption decreased from 3.2 to 3.0 cups per day. 2. Developing their own brewing machines will provide a mechanism which will allow Kraft to sell the coffee pods used in those machines. Since Krafts is a closed system, users will be forced to buy only the pods manufactured by Kraft. 3. Krafts business model for its Tassimo coffeemaker is very similar to HPs model for its printers and cartridges. Both products utilize closed systems. Refills for both products are sold by the manufacturer and the machines wont work with refills that arent designed for the specific machine. If the consumer wants the HP refill or the Tassimo refill, he or she must pay the price. From a business perspective, this creates long-term financial relationships with the customer and maximizes profitability of the organization. This is evidenced by the fact that the machine itself is distributed by Braun (a division of Gillette) while the T-discs are manufactured and distributed by Kraft. It prevents the use of competitors pods (or cartridges), including those offered by low-priced private label brands. While remanufactured cartridges and refill kits are available for HPs printers, consumers report problems with print quality and difficulty refilling the cartridges. From a consumer perspective this means several things, not the least of which is c ...

USS Iowa (BB-61) Battleship

USS Iowa (BB-61) Battleship USS Iowa (BB-61) was the lead ship of the Iowa-class of battleships. The last and largest class of battleship constructed for the US Navy, the Iowa-class ultimately consisted of four ships. Following the pattern set by the preceding North Carolina- and  South Dakota-classes, the Iowa-classs design called for a heavy armament combined with a high top speed. This latter trait allowed them to serve as effective escorts for carriers. Commissioned in early 1943, Iowa was the only member of the class to see extensive service in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of  World War II. Retained at the end of the conflict, it later saw combat during the Korean War. Though decommissioned in 1958, Iowa was modernized and brought back into service during the 1980s. Design In early 1938, work commenced on a new battleship design at the behest of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, head of the US Navys General Board. Originally conceived as an enlarged version of the South Dakota-class, the new ships were to mount twelve 16 guns or nine 18 guns. As the design was revised, the armament became nine 16 guns. Additionally, the class anti-aircraft armament underwent several revisions with many of its 1.1 guns being replaced with 20 mm and 40 mm weapons. Funding for the new battleships came in May with the passage of the Naval Act of 1938. Dubbed the Iowa-class, construction of the lead ship, USS Iowa, was assigned to the New York Navy Yard. Intended as the first of four ships (two, Illinois and Kentucky were later added to the class but never completed), Iowa was laid down on June 17, 1940. Construction With the US entry into World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor, construction of Iowa pushed forward. Launched on August 27, 1942, with Ilo Wallace, wife of Vice President Henry Wallace, as sponsor, Iowas ceremony was attended by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Work on the ship continued for another six months and on February 22, 1943, Iowa was commissioned with Captain John L. McCrea in command. Departing New York two days later, it conducted a shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay and along the Atlantic coast. A fast battleship, Iowas 33-knot speed allowed it to serve as an escort for the new Essex-class carriers that were joining the fleet. USS Iowa (BB-61) - Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: New York Naval ShipyardLaid Down: June 27, 1940Launched: August 27, 1942Commissioned: February 22, 1943Fate: Museum ship Specifications Displacement: 45,000 tonsLength: 887 ft., 3 in.Beam: 108 ft., 2 in.Draft: 37 ft., 2 in.Speed: 33 knotsComplement: 2,788 men Armament Guns 9 Ãâ€" 16 in./50 cal Mark 7 guns20 Ãâ€" 5 in./38 cal Mark 12 guns80 Ãâ€" 40 mm/56 cal anti-aircraft guns49 Ãâ€" 20 mm/70 cal anti-aircraft cannons Early Assignments Completing these operations as well as crew training, Iowa departed on August 27 for Argentia, Newfoundland. Arriving, it spent the next several weeks in the North Atlantic to protect against a potential sortie by the German battleship Tirpitz which had been cruising in Norwegian waters. By October, this threat had evaporated and Iowa steamed for Norfolk where it underwent a brief overhaul. The following month, the battleship carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull to Casablanca, French Morocco on the first part of their journey to the Tehran Conference. Returning from Africa in December, Iowa received orders to sail for the Pacific. Island Hopping Named Flagship of Battleship Division 7, Iowa departed on January 2, 1944, and entered combat operations later that month when it supported carrier and amphibious operations during the Battle of Kwajalein. A month later, it helped cover Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers carriers during a massive aerial attack on Truk before being detached for an anti-shipping sweep around the island. On February 19, Iowa and its sister ship USS New Jersey (BB-62) succeeded in sinking the light cruiser Katori. Remaining with Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force, Iowa provided support as the carriers conducted attacks in the Marianas. On March 18, while serving as flagship for Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee, Commander Battleships, Pacific, the battleship fired on Mili Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Rejoining Mitscher, Iowa supported air operations in the Palau Islands and Carolines before shifting south to cover Allied attacks on New Guinea in April. Sailing north, the battleship supported air attacks on the Marianas and bombarded targets on Saipan and Tinian on June 13-14. Five days later, Iowa helped protect Mitschers carriers during the Battle of the Philippine Sea and was credited with downing several Japanese aircraft. Leyte Gulf After aiding in operations around the Marianas during the summer, Iowa shifted southwest to cover the invasion of Peleliu. With the conclusion of the battle, Iowa and the carriers mounted raids in the Philippines, Okinawa, and Formosa. Returning to the Philippines in October, Iowa continued to screen the carriers as General Douglas MacArthur commenced his landings on Leyte. Three days later, Japanese naval forces responded and the Battle of Leyte Gulf began. During the course of the fighting, Iowa remained with Mitschers carriers and raced north to engage Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawas Northern Force off Cape Engaà ±o. Nearing the enemy ships on October 25, Iowa and the other supporting battleships were ordered to return south to aid Task Force 38 which had come under attack off Samar. In the weeks after the battle, the battleship remained in the Philippines supporting Allied operations. In December, Iowa was one of many ships that were damaged when Admiral William Bull Halseys Third Fleet was hit by Typhoon Cobra. Suffering damage to a propeller shaft, the battleship returned to San Francisco for repairs in January 1945. Final Actions While in the yard, Iowa also underwent a modernization program which saw its bridge enclosed, new radar systems installed, and fire control equipment improved. Departing in mid-March, the battleship steamed west to take part in the Battle of Okinawa. Arriving two weeks after American troops had landed, Iowa resumed its previous duty of protecting the carriers operating offshore. Moving north in May and June, it covered Mitschers raids on the Japanese home islands and bombarded targets on Hokkaido and Honshu later that summer. Iowa continued to operate with the carriers until the end of hostilities on August 15. After overseeing the surrender of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on August 27, Iowa and USS Missouri (BB-63) entered Tokyo Bay with other Allied occupation forces. Serving as Halseys flagship, Iowa was present when the Japanese formally surrendered aboard Missouri. Remaining in Tokyo Bay for several days, the battleship sailed for the United States on September 20. Korean War Taking part in Operation Magic Carpet, Iowa aided in transporting American troops home. Arriving at Seattle on October 15, it discharged its cargo before moving south to Long Beach for training operations. Over the next three years, Iowa continued with training, served a stint as flagship of the 5th Fleet in Japan, and had an overhaul. Decommissioned on March 24, 1949, the battleships time in the reserves proved brief as it was reactivated on July 14, 1951 for service in the Korean War. Arriving in Korean waters in April 1952, Iowa began shelling North Korean positions and provided gunfire support for the South Korean I Corps. Operating along the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, the battleship routinely struck targets ashore through the summer and fall. Departing the war zone in October 1952, Iowa sailed for an overhaul in Norfolk. Modernization After conducting a training cruise for the US Naval Academy in mid-1953, the battleship moved through a number of peacetime postings in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Arriving at Philadelphia in 1958, Iowa was decommissioned on February 24. In 1982, Iowa found new life as part of President Ronald Reagans plans for a 600-ship navy. Undergoing a massive program of modernization, much of the battleships anti-aircraft armament was removed and replaced with armored box launchers for cruise missiles, MK 141 quad cell launchers for 16 AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles, and four Phalanx close-in weapons systems Gatling guns. In addition, Iowa received a full suite of modern radar, electronic warfare, and fire control systems. Re-commissioned on April 28, 1984, it spent the next two years conducting training and taking part in NATO exercises. Middle East Retirement In 1987, Iowa saw service in the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Earnest Will. For much of the year, it aided in escorting re-flagged Kuwaiti tanker through the region. Departing the following February, the battleship returned to Norfolk for routine repairs. On April 19, 1989, Iowa suffered an explosion in its Number Two 16 turret. The incident killed 47 crewmen and initial investigations suggested that the explosion was the result of sabotage. Later findings reported that the cause was most likely an accidental powder explosion. With the cooling of the Cold War, the US Navy began reducing the size of the fleet. The first Iowa-class battleship to be decommissioned, Iowa moved to reserve status on October 26, 1990. Over the next two decades, the ships status fluctuated as Congress debated the US Navys ability to provide gunfire support of US Marine Corps amphibious operations. In 2011, Iowa moved to Los Angeles where it was opened as a museum ship.

Why is prison overcrowding a growing concern in the US Research Paper

Why is prison overcrowding a growing concern in the US - Research Paper Example The challenge is costing tax payers more money, in US, there are many people behind bars than any other country in the world. According to current statistics by Wagner and Sakala (2014), it is estimated that between 1.4 million to 2 million people in US are in prison. The numbers of people released in jails inclusive of local jails are approximately 688,000. Collection of all information provides a clear perspective of number of prisoners in United States. According to the authors, the U.S. hold 2.4 million people in all states prisons including 1719 states prisons, 2259 juvenile correctional centers, 79 Indian jails, 102 federal confinements, military, immigration and civil confinements. Crowding of correctional facilities is quite significant to prisoners, tax payers and the officials working in confinement centers. An analysis of the topic is important, measures taken to correct problems arising from crowding or overcrowding of state prison can only be done by a study of the topic. This makes it quite significant to every citizen in US. They provide views on how to tackle such difficulties. The crowding effect in US correctional facilities started in early the 1980s due to an increase in criminal activities such as drug use. The war on drugs with tough policies increased the number of inmates in the U.S. Research shows that the U.S. has the highest number of inmates in the world; they are currently higher than prisoners held in Russian and South Africa. Prisons in the southern part of the United States have more inmates that any other region. The state of Alabama contains the highest number of prisoners than any other state. Despite the highest number of prisoners held in Alabama, they also have small number of staff. However, federal prisons in the U.S. saw a decline in the number of admission of prisoners in 2009. There was an increase of prisoners by 430%, which saw the number of prisoners rising from 294,000 to

Safegurading health information and systems Essay

Safegurading health information and systems - Essay Example The other most important wording is the ethical statement. These act as a guide to the ethical behaviors the health care workers such as nurses are supposed to abide by when in use of the information systems (Wager, Lee & Glaser, 2013). This wording is important as it saves on disciplinary actions and prevents nurses and other health care workers from breaching the ethical code of conduct. Lastly, the other most important wording necessary to be included in these health systems is the patient management statement. There are standards of patient management necessary for the nurse to apply in all patients and they should be openly stipulated and clearly worded in the information system for the benefit and frequent reminder of them to the nurses when attending to their patients (Mettler & Raptis, 2012). Failure to follow these statements leads to legal actions being taken against the nurse as is stipulated in the legal and regulatory statement mentioned

Organizational Structure Paper Essay Example for Free

Organizational Structure Paper Essay The United States Army is one of many legal types of organizations of the armed forces and has been since June 1775. It is the largest and oldest of all the branches of the military and continues to dominate all threats aimed at the United States alongside the Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, and Marines. Like many other organizations in the United States, the U.S Army has a structure of its own. From the top down, it functions as any other organization, but unlike most, every member of its team carries rank and has a chain of command to abide by. In the following I will describe and evaluate the structure and functions within the United States Army, compare it to its fellow branches, and explain its organizational design that has been the primary reason Americans have been kept free from tyranny and enjoy the freedoms taken for granted every day. Army Organizational Structure The United States Army has a structure that starts as high as the President of the United States down to the newest and youngest recruit soldier. Its organizational structure far exceeds that or your local neighborhood Wal-Mart, yet has far less â€Å"employees†. As of 2014, the U.S Army has a total strength of on or about 1,130,000 soldiers, that which include the Army National Guard and Army Reserve units (The Official Homepage of the United  States Army, 2014). Other than the President of the United States, orders go downhill following the Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Army, Joint Chief of Staffs, then along to Regional Commands stationed globally. Thereafter, divisions are formed by brigades, which control battalions beneath them, formed by several units or companies of soldiers organized accordingly into platoons. Attempting to explain the organizational structure of an entire military branch would be rather extensive and complicated, therefore the following will breakdown the basic structure of a U.S Army company. Similar to nonmilitary organizations, the U.S Army has a structure that coincides with one another to be able to function properly. No matter the type of battalion, either it consist of Armored, Infantry, Airborne, or Calvary soldiers, a Headquarters company is and always will be the core to a battalion. That company staffs a variety of soldiers with particular jobs that range from administration (S1), intelligence (S2), training and operations (S3), logistics (S4), communication (S6), medical, mechanic, and any other type of military occupational specialty (MOS) that primarily functions to support its entire battalion. All these so called â€Å"S Shops† work alongside each other and handle the day to day business as well as prepare units for training exercises and overseas deployments. Similar organizations that resemble the U.S Army would be that of the Marine Corps and the Navy. Even though these branches fight to defend the United States and its interest right alongside the U.S Army, each of their â€Å"mission statement† differs slightly. The United States Marine Corps works closely with the U.S Navy when it comes to training and combat deployments. Like the U.S Army, they both have similar rank structures that move up the chain of command until it hits the President of the United States. A few differences between these branches though, the Marine Corp Commandant reports directly to the Secretary of the Navy, as does the U.S Navy, unlike the U.S Army, which reports to the Secretary of the Army. Organizational Functions The United States Army has many functions that influence its determination on keeping its soldiers properly trained, physically and mentally tough, and readily available to deploy within a few days of after being called for combat operations. To be able to train a soldier, willing and able men and women must first enlist into the U.S Army. No matter their reasons of joining, either school or patriotism, they are all trained as equals. For this to happen, marketing campaigns must be advertised to be able to recruit. Television commercials demonstrate briefly the life of a soldier and the benefits, not only to him/herself, but their families and the courage it takes to join the â€Å"Army of One†. Recruiters often visit local high schools in attempts to enlist soon to be high school graduates. Others wander around shopping malls handing out brochures, speaking to interested men and women on what it takes to be a soldier. All this is only possible if the United States Army is financially able. Like all other organizations, they must follow a specific budget that continuously gets cut for political reasons. The U.S Army has an estimate number of soldiers that it can recruit and have enlisted at certain times under the units structural guidelines. These numbers and structure fall under the Table of Organization and Equipment (TOE). An excess of soldiers in various units account for numerous war time enlistments aimed at maintaining strength in numbers. But what happens when there are no more wars to be fought? Excess soldiers of certain military occupational specialties are deemed unnecessary and honorably discharged before their end of term is officially over. On the civilian side, this is known as downsizing. The army chain of command is what keeps the U.S Army organized and disciplined. Not all orders given are always performed to the letter and many are sometimes unjustified. For these reasons, there is also a human resources department within a battalion. When some issues need greater attention and not are able to be handled within a unit, the Post Inspector General can be contacted. The Inspector General, or IG, help enforce all army regulations that involve soldiers of any rank and also their families  when need be. IG helps assist commanders in handling punishments, what is allowed, and what actions are authorized in simply punishing a soldier temporarily or discharging him/her from service. Usually, when IG is contacted, it is for negative reasons, but there always has to be a strong hand to enforce and influence the continuous control of soldiers, from Private to Captains, regulations know no rank. Following rules are important for the sustainment of the organizational structure and daily operations. Organizational Design There are several organizational designs that best suit the United States Army’s needs and support its organizational structure. Just one would not suffice to assist the U.S Army market its branch of service and promote the value of its organization. Stating the obvious, the U.S Army was born in the United States, yet has bases worldwide. After wars fought in a number of different countries, the U.S Army has made it a point to continue showing its presence by establishing bases in countries such as Germany, Korea, Japan, Afghanistan, and Iraq, giving the United States a geographical advantage. The product it provides consist of customer based relations; supporting and defending the citizens of our country. Army bases overseas report to their Regional Commands depending on the part of the world they are based. This structure continues to allow generals abroad to command its bases yet still must report to the higher echelon in Washington D.C. The fact to remember is, the United States Army is an organization that does not sell material products, but creates soldiers out of men and women to continue fighting, defending, and preserving our land of the free and home of the brave. Conclusion After 239 years serving our country, the United States Army has long proved to Americans that it is a force to be reckoned with. The structure used today has allowed the armed forces to control, enforce, and withstand all others when threatened. Throughout the years all other branches of service  evolved to create a team that no other country on earth can match. With all these organizations united, it is doubtful that the United States of America will continue to rule as the superior force on earth and will remain that way for all time. References Business Dictionary. (2014). The Official Homepage of the United States Army. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.army.mil/

The Prostitute In Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment, Notes from Undergr

The Prostitute In Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, Notes from Underground, and The Meek One The prostitute is a curious fixture of Victorian era literature. In the works of William Thackeray and Samuel Richardson it was almost clichà © for the heroine to end up in a house of prostitution and then to transcend that situation in a show of proper Victorian morals. Having seen many young women forced by extreme poverty to take up the trade of a loose woman, Fyodor Dostoevsky, a petit-bourgeois fallen on hard times himself, took a rather different approach to the whole issue; he recognized that these women were not utterly without merit as so many people of the time thought. Georg Brandes spoke accurately when he said, "Dostoevsky preaches the morality of the pariah, the morality of the slave." Dostoevsky explored these themes through prostitute characters in many of his works. The most famous of these characters are found in Crime and Punishment, Notes from Underground, and "The Meek One." Each of these presents a unique approach to the condition of prostitutes and the problem of their redemption. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky uses the character of Sonia Marmeladov, whose first name means wisdom, not solely to illustrate God's mercy toward a fallen woman but to have her redeem both herself and Raskolnikov through God's mercy. As in the parable given by Father Zosima on his death bed in The Brothers Karamazov, Raskolnikov's initial connection to Sonia in Book I functions as his "stalk of grain" which keeps him from being completely severed from God's grace. Just as the old woman in the parable was without merit except for the fact she gave the beggar a stalk of grain, Raskolnikov lacks merit after his murderous deed exce... ...uments of grace. But most importantly, he tells us that without our own attempt to transcend our sinful nature we will fail like the Underground Man or leap to our spiritual and physical doom as the heroine of "The Meek One" did. We are all Raskolnikov, we are all Sonia. The key is to strive, strive harder and strive forever to reach the unreachable perfection lost to us and unreachable without God. Works Cited and Consulted Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Bantam, 1981. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Signet Classics, 1999. Dost. Research Station. Ed. Christiaan Stange. Vers. ? 17 July 1999 - kiosek.com/dostoevsky/quotations.html Martinsen, Deborah A., ed. Notes From Underground, The Double, and Other Stories. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics NY, 2003.

Informative speech about earthquake Essay

Good morning everyone, I am Jialin Yin. Today, I want to talk about the earthquake. In 2008 May 12th, it was the first time that I felt the earthquake which was a 7.8-magnitude earthquake happened in Wenchuan China. At that time, I was a 7th grade student and sit in class room, then, I noticed that the light on the ceiling began to shake slightly. Then, the broadcast news reminds me, that was an earthquake and approximately 70000 people died in this severe natural disaster. During the speech, I will explain the earthquake in geographic view to you. Firstly, for what reason caused the earthquake? Generally, when rocks experience brittle failure, a kind of energy called seismic waves are released from the point of breakage. The seismic waves generated cause the ground shake, creating an earthquake. That point of breakage is called the focus, or hypocenter of the earthquake. A term people might be generally familiar with is epicenter which is the point on the surface of Earth directly above the focus, and the focus is the true center of an earthquake. Secondly, I want to talk about where are earthquake located, the first picture is the plate boundary. You can observe that there are many red dots on the second picture. These red dots represent epicenter of earthquakes that have occurred over the past 50 year. Actually, what you can notice right away is that most of these earthquakes occurred along with the plate boundaries. Moreover, we can also notice is that there are a few earthquakes that occur far away from plate boundaries, these kinds of earthquakes named intra-plate earthquakes. About only five percent of earthquakes that occur each year are intra-plate earthquakes. Look at this chart, here are five columns, they are magnitudes, frequency, description, example and energy release. In fact, from earthquake magnitude 2 to 6, the energy release and damage is not huge. The classes of seismic measure for the modern buildings are 5 to 6. However, if the earthquake magnitude is bigger than 6, the energy release can be destructive even billions dollar loss of life. Let us specify the damage of magnitude 8 and 9. The difference of energy from one magnitude to another is approximately 31 times.

U.S. History 1919-1945 Notes

U. S. History notes Red Scare 1919: I. Mass hysteria II. Why: unrealistic irrational fear. A. Expectations up and down: 1. Prosperity: People are doubling income (1915 income: 408$ yr to 1920 835$ year) 2. Post war recession B. Super patriotism/Slackers (you’re a slacker if not a super patriot) 1. Committee for Public Relations (C. P. I. ) (Creel Committee) – Read propaganda papers, pushed conformity and supported Boy Scouts for war. 2. Espionage and sedition acts A. Clear and present danger: speech that presents this is not protected. cant yell fire in a theatre as a joke when there is no fire. Not protected by amendment). 3. Radicals: A. Industrial workers of the World (IWW): nicknamed Wobblies. Loudmouth aggressive workers, and when on strike did it vigorously to prove their point. Opposed WWI.Persecuted, charged with violating sedition acts, shut down and some thrown in jail. C. 1919 Incidents (convinced people that there are threats everywhere) 1. Bombs (mail bombs , one goes off in A. Mitchell Palmers yard so he constructed the Palmer Raids. People that went on strikes considered radicals). 2. Strikes A. Boston police: (19 police got fired for joining AFL so rest of boston police walked off the job) Coolidge convinced them they could not strike and had to go back to work, and most did. B. Steel: went on strike for higher wages, and better working conditions. C. Coal: went on strike for higher wages. 4. Centralia Massacre 11/11/19 * Wobblies thought they were going to be attacked so they opened fire on a parade that was taking place for Armistice Day. Wobblies kill a few men, allWobblies come out except for Wesley Everest who came out of the building firing at police killing one and he was eventually killed. (He was thought to be a crazy radical and a hero by some) III. Palmer Raids, Dec. 1919, Jan. 1920 – Thousands of immigrants are rounded up in cities from coast to coast, deported back to their home country or charged with a crime fo r being suspicious. Some 6-7,000 was rounded up in total. None of these people were charged with a crime when they were picked up, thus making it biggest violation of civil liberties in U. S. IV.End of Scare: May of 1920 the fear of radicals comes to an end. After WWI conformity begins and we lose a lot of cultural diversity. – Palmer (attorney general) creates Anti-Radical Division and appointed Edgar Hoover to lead it and go after radicals. – John L. Lewis: – Harding died in 1923, buried in hometown of Ohio. Had poor judgment of character, but never accused of accepting bribes. His administration collapsed bc of scandals. Harding got sick in Seattle, but a book was written about how his wife poisoned him. Harding: I. Teapot dome II. Lucid Press A. Gaston means, â€Å" The Death of Harding†B. Nam Britton, The Presidents Life – She claimed to be The presidents mistress and have sexual encounters in the White House Calvin Coolidge: – became p resident after Harding died. He was a Puritan, serious individual, and gained nickname â€Å"Silent Cal† for being very quiet and not talking much. Famous quote of his â€Å"They cant hang you for what you don’t say†. He was thought to be mean spirited (Laughed at others discomfort and misfortune). His wife was Grace Goodhue (she taught the deaf & blind), very friendly and positive influence on Coolidge and contributed to his success. Happy as V. P. c he didn’t have to do much. I. Silent Cal A. Bg B. Gov. > V. P. > President C. Cleans house – cleaned out the white house, trying to get rid of the corrupt people. Brought in Harlen Stone to bring back pride in W. H.. D. Pro Business and Capitalism – He kept the concept of pro business, was an old form of Capitalism. II. 1924 election – A. Democratic disarray – Took 100 ballots to elect representative. John Davis was Democrat’s choice. Republicans won. B. Progressi ve Party – supported Gov. Fallett, received over 4 mil votes. Disappeared after 1924. C. Republican majorities III. AdministrationA. Andrew Mellon – Old man, super rich, from Pitt, worked in steel business, owned coal, iron and steel mills. Tried to control aluminum market, didn’t work, but became even wealthier from this, volunteered service to help Republican Party to gain a positive environment. 1. Budget & accounting Act, 1921 – Harding admin. Part of modernization of American govt. 2. Revenue Act, 1921 – Coolidge admin. Established Tax rates, Cut top rate from 75% to 50% ended Excessive Profits tax. Tried to eliminate inheritance tax, didn’t work, doesn’t change lower income tax (realized this was a mistake). . Revenue Act, 1924 – Revenue acts created loopholes, made tax avoidance legal, but tax evasion was illegal. Coolidge Admin. Top rates drop again from 50% to 40%. Thought to trickle down and help the poor, and low ered poor income tax. Trickle down Economics came from these Revenue Acts. III. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Protective – 1922 (tariff is tax on imports) this taxed imports to protect domestic manufacturers. V. Balanced Budget 5. McNary-Haugen Veto, 1927, Over Production – estab. Commodity prices so farmers could make a profit. Congress passed this and Coolidge vetoed it. Controversial veto) Farmers started supporting other political leaders. 6. Hoover & Dept. of Commerce Consumerism Cont. I. Theory & structure: – Welfare capitalism: Trying to get better working conditions. II. Business as Religion – Bruce Barton III. Labor Reforms A. Taylorism * Frederick Taylor & two-motor studies B. Cellular Work Force: manufacturer’s organized their workers into groups called cells. Policed themselves, making it easier for people at higher position to have less people to watch over C. Pergs: Received bonus’s and pay raises for good work and got pe nsion plans.D. Company Unions: Yellow Dog – administered perks that went to union worker, not considered a real union group. * Councils: organized work force and dealt with stuff below management and relayed info. * Sports Teams: organized sport venues across America. E. Class Consciousness 1. Family structure a. Who works: husbands, wives, and kids do when they grow up and are old enough. b. Kids: Early childhood they sold goods to make $ for family. c. Gender roles: different sexual roles between men and women and cultural naturalism of sex. 2.Middle Class Reformers: thought if middle class family’s had less kids they would gain a better middle class status. Settlement houses 1. Hull house: ran by Jane Addams, middle class woman, supported by philanthropy. Helped uplift working class. 2. Assimilation goods a. Class: taught English, etiquette, daycare for kids, abuse programs, and cleanliness b. Ethnicity: Different ethnic groups go about their lives differently and e njoy different leisure activities. I. Auto Industry a. Sig 1. 20th century 2. Spin offs a. Steel production rises b. Closed cars (glass and leather) c. Rubber production increases d.Gasoline production increases and 4 strokes is mainly used for cars. e. Road: smoother roads were demanded. By 1920 $1billion dollars a year spent on new roads and $400 million a year on road maintenance. 3. Proliferation a. By 1912 – car sales are 150,000 yr. b. By 1921 – reaches 1 million a year. c. By 1930 – 23 mil. Sold and 1 in 5 people own a car. B. Henry Ford 1. Model T – prod. In 1908 and Model A produced in 1928. Added color to cars in 1928 due to competition. Sued a parts dealer bc Ford used the crates that the parts came in to build his model T car and they were randomly changed by the dealer who had no clue he used the wood. . Production efficiently and mass-produced on assembly line to help cost, wages and efficiency better. 3. Cost was 300$ a day and wages were 5 $ a day. C. William Crapo Durant, GM – financier/investor not a banker A. Buick, 1904 B. 1910: Ads Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Cadillac. C. Added Chevy (cheapest of these brands); acquires suppliers such as fisher body, Remy electric and DELCO. Cars at this time were self-starters, no keys used, just crank the engine and go. D. GMAC – General Motors Acceptance Corp. loaned you the money so you could buy a GMC. E. 1929 & Depression: Crapo lost GM and Durant owned it.Crapo had the idea of building a super market, putting everything into one big warehouse to make it more convenient, but before his idea came to life he died in 1933. D. Impact of Cars 1. Accidents and Death: 30,000-40,000 deaths a year. 2. Pollution: invisible pollution from 1920-60’s was terrible due to lead in the gasoline. Removed from gas in 1970. 3. Morality – people’s morals changed w/the use of more cars. (Lovers lane, social events, statutory rape) 4. Autonomy: traditional; car s gave people more individual and reinforced their autonomy. Cars are so culturally significant and reinforce individualism.IV. Radio Advertising: first mass media, by 1927 radio sales reached 20million plus a year. A. Psych Ads > behaviorist psychology: looking at people as a mass society, studying people and stimulus, measuring a response scientifically. Stimulus ad is a buying response. B. Radio: mass media – KDKA, 1920 – commercial station – 500 & 1922 – 500 radio stations across the country. 2 years and radio blanketed America. – NBC, 1926 – first radio network. Formed by RCA, General Electric and Westing House. By 1926 conglomerates start to squeeze out the independent radio station owners. Amos and Andy, 1928: comedy radio show, black ethnic humor. 1st show that acquired a single sponsor (Pepsodent toothpaste) C. Planned obsolescence – used engineers to create certain products. – Tech Shift: continually buying new technology products. Not really a new product, just a way to stimulate the economy by making people want to buy something new. Immigration & 2nd KKK I. Old and new immigration – Old immigrants were 19th century ones coming from Britain, Germany, Ireland and other Northern Englanders. New immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Russian Jews (Pale), and Slavs and Greeks).II. Nativism & Restrictionist – A. Origins: 1. late 19th century 2. red scare: immigrant radical scare 3. Eugenics: fake science, ignorant people claiming a false fact. A. Madison Grant, â€Å"The passion of the Great Race, 1916† – refers to (WASP) White Anglo-Saxxon People who are going to ruin and change American culture. B. Anti-Semitism rises (anti-Jew) – III. KKK A. Rise in Atlanta, 1915 1. Col. Simmons – Runs the KKK 2. Birth of a Nation, 1915 – First recognizable movie. About American Civil War. KKK depicted as heroic in a sense. D. W . Griffith created movie reels and he’s a filmmaker. 3.Edward Clarke – comes up with KKK costumes and KKK words. He’s in it for the money and business. B. Peak 1924 – peak of the KKK. 4. 5 Mil members and dominate 7 states (Ok, Cal, Chi, Ind. are a few) 1. Political Clout – 2. Rural and Urban C. Fall 1925 1. David Stinson, Indiana – friend of Indian govt. Ed Jackson, used KKK to enrich himself, raped secretary and she tried to poison herself and died a few weeks later and Stevenson charged w/2nd degree rape and murder. This was tied into KKK. 2. Other Factors IV. Restriction Legislation A. 1917 Immigration Act – starts process of restricting certain immigrants. . Head Tax – not free to move to America. 8$ was the head tax. 2. Literacy Test – proving you can read and write in a language. Didn’t want mentally incompetent people coming into the country. B. Quota Acts – limits foreign-born number of immigrants. 1. 1921 Immigration Act – 358,000 accepted (3% of 1910 census) (200,000 were N. W. Englanders). These were the new immigrants from S. E. Europe. 2. 1924 Immigration Act – 150,000 accepted (2% of 1890 census and 132,000 could come from N. W. Europe) CRIME AS ENTERTAINMENT I. Leopold and Loeb, 1924 – smart genius kids, lived in San Fran.A. â€Å"Perfect Murder† – Bobby Franks was the 14 yr old kid they killed. Led him to a vacant lot and bludgeoned him to death. Leopold dropped his glasses at the crime scene. Police caught them and Loeb cracked first. Loeb was sexually attracted to Franks so that was his reason to kill him and Leopold was convicted as the accomplice. B. Defense 1. Clarence Darrow – Attorney of the 2 and he tried to convince the judge that they were mentally diseased. Became known as the insanity defense from then on. Both convicted to life in prison. C. Spectacle 1. â€Å"The Rope† etc. A film by Alfred Hitchcock based off the Leopold and Loeb murder. II. Hall-Mills murder, 1922-26 A. Rev. Halls and Mrs. Mills – bodies were found in a lover’s lane. No clear evidence of who did it. Allegations of Mills brothers killing them and Hall’s wife had killed them. B. Trial – only evidence here was the love affair between them 2. 1. Politics 2. Pig Woman – Pig farm was about a mile away. Daughters farmer was â€Å"pig woman† bc of her residence and appearance. She didn’t see anything just heard noise of a car/gun fire. Mother claims daughter is retarded and no one ever found out who killed them.C. Spectacle 1. Radio – Halls and Mills trial was played out over the radio for the 4 year duration of the entire event and everyone was acquitted. III. Lindbergh Kidnapping, 1932 – famous pilot who flew around the world. Lindbergh and wife lived out in country. A. Kidnapped, March 1932 – Lindbergh son was kidnapped out of 2nd story room and a lad der and ransom note were left behind. Lindberg paid a ransom, but his son was never returned. B. Trial 1. Bruno Hauptman – German immigrant accused of crime. Wood used to make ladder was from Hauptman house. He was found with some of the ransom money.Found guilty and executed. A year later the baby’s body was found. C. Spectacle 1. â€Å"Trail of the Century† – Charles Lindbergh went into hiding with his wife and they moved out of the country then back to Hawaii in a secluded area where he had to fly to get there. MOVIE INDUSTRY I. Tech Shift – movies offered motion pictures however it was 2D on a flat screen. Nickelodeons were first movie viewing attractions. Movies weaned people from nickelodeons to movie theaters. A. 3D > 2D – 1920’s shift from nickelodeons to movie theaters, attracting people bc its larger a larger than life, moving picture with music.Started in the 19teens and became a cultural phenom. B. Motion Picture 1. Gre at Train Robbery, 1903 – lasted 8 minutes 2. Motion Picture Patent Co. 1918 – Located in New Jersey, tried to create a monopoly around NYC in the movie industry 3. Independents – they didn’t agree the Motion Picture Patent Co. so they packed up and headed west. 1st stop was Flagstaff, Arizona. Settled in a town north of L. A. II. Tinsel town: Hollywood’s nickname. (1912 – 13,000 movie places, 500 in NY. Attendance by 1922 40 million and 100 million by 1930. 1925 Movie industry was 4th largest. Birth of a Nation† recognized as first reel movie, had 12 reels, was hours long, made by D. W. Griffith. ) A. Studios: squeezes true independents out; Paramount, fox, MGM, Republic, United Artist’s & Warner Bros. ) Tried to profit from every aspect possible by vertical integration. B. Stars: typecast people; people gravitated to certain actors. Clara Bow â€Å"it† girl C. Formulas III. Scandals A. Fatty Arbuckle, 1921 – c omedian in movies, despicable in real life, a person is killed of a drug overdose at his mansion, he is charged w/2nd degree murder and his movie career is over. B.Mary Pickford & Douglas Fairbanks – she divorces her first husband and married Fairbanks, her movie career was ruined by her growing old. In 1 movie she played 2 characters at the same time. IV. Censorship A. â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts†, 1924 – limited what was shown on the movie screen. B. Hays Commission – Will Hays enforced censorship; sex and violence (shown euphemistically not realistically). Sex sells so nudity was pushed as far as possible to draw bigger crowds. Golden Age of Sports I. Recreational A. Golf – # of courses tripled in the 20’s. Green fees and equipment fees were required to play. . Private-Elites 2. Municipal – Middle Class (W. C. Fields) B. Bowling: Goes back to the Dutch. 1. Duck Pins – 1st form of bowling, usually they were attach ed to saloons. Not for families at first, men usually went and drank. 2. Gentrification – 1920’s bowling teams went from 5 to 40,000 and it was more family oriented and people went to have a good time. C. Baseball Clubs 1. Urban/Industrial – baseball players were factory workers. Sponsored teams, urban and rural would travel to play each other. 2. Rural – people could just travel around looking for a team to join. II.Spectacle A. Golden Age of Baseball 1. Black Sox, 1919 – Chicago white sox accepted money from gamblers to throw the game and lose in the World Series. * Judge Landis – He had power over baseball to enforce rules keeping it fair and just. â€Å"Juiced ball† – after Landis stepped to power he supposedly juiced the ball making it easier to hit homers. (he kept Negros separate from white baseball) 2. Babe Ruth: 22 Yrs. – in the 1920’s he was a home run king. B. College Football 1. The Gate: 50,000 people watched first game. 20million was spent on football by 10million fans.Bowl games were invented after the sport kept growing. 1902 Rose Bowl started. 1935 Sugar Bowl started taking place at Tulane. Univ. of Chicago was a founder of College football and they dropped it bc of the money and how famous football became and not the college itself. 2. Icons: Knut Rockne & â€Å"Gipper† C. Boxing 1. Promoter: Tex Rickand 1. Dempsey vs. Carpienteir – 1921 – this fight drew $1Million 2. Dempsey vs. Tuney, 1926 – Tuney beat Dempsey by dancing around and not allowing Dempsey allowing to get hit. $1. 8 million in revenue 3.Rematch, 1927 â€Å"Long Count† Dempsey didn’t retreat to neutral corner and a long count was then given to Tuney to get up, which he did, danced around and didn’t allow Dempsey to hit him and he ended up winning. III. Sports & Class A. Working Class Baseball B. Elite College Football – designed to be a microcosm of leadership positions. You have to be tough. Expectations to be brave and go all out. * Amateur Ideal – WASP (ethnocentric) * 1910 NCA is formed to minimize the deaths and injuries around football, enforced rules and eliminated certain plays and added pads/helmets. * 1896 Amos Stagg forms the Western Conference. Referred to as â€Å"Ringers† (non-college student playing football). Now they are known as the â€Å"Big 10†. * NFL formed in 1920’s. George Halas was one of the founders. Became an owner, player and coach of the Staley Bears who changed their name to Chicago Bears. These players were working class men and college players. * In 1920’s College All America team played NFL all starts, but stopped in late 20’s bc NFL was getting to good and it was adults vs. kids eventually. IV. College Football Origins A. Anglo-Saxon Ethnocentrisms 1. Social Darwinism, Gilded Age 1. Herbert Baxter Addams – classic trained scholar A. Germ Theor y† – a democratic germ theory the A. S. take with them wherever they go electing their race. Picking your scholars based on merit, i. e. : meritocracy. (Basically being born into a family of power) B. Tacitus, Germania – history of German tribes, a meritocracy. 2. Saxon Warrior Culture – this warrior type leadership establishes college football (choose the best to be display their talent) V. NEW WOMAN â€Å"1920’s† I. Middle & Upper Class A. Club Women – married women who formed women’s clubs (General Federation of Women’s Clubs forms in 1892. There are 500 members and by 1917 there are 1 million women club members.B. Professional 1. Single – (Unmarried) 2. Role Model or Feminist? – not doing this to represent womankind just doing it for their personal reasons. C. Planned Parenthood – Margaret Sanger, middle class woman who tried to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Aimed at working class. This ends u p being effective to the single unmarried women who stay childless and want to keep the job they have. II. Working Class â€Å"Flapper† – These women was flat chested, wore short dress and smoked cigarettes type of bitch. Rough language, went out at night, danced and had fun times. – Aspired to marry up into the middle class. A.Peiss Thesis – working class women establish the working class phenomenon, trying to reform the working class women. Didn’t work to well so they picked up some of the working class ways. B. Middle Class 1. Freud Popularized – for mental health let your proclivities run free, to much repression results in bad symptoms 2. â€Å"Latent Hypocrisy† – Blatantly expressing ideas they don’t practice. Behavior as well as rhetoric that pushed culture. SCOPES TRIAL – trying to do away with Darwinism theory. Became known as the Butler Act. Teaching Darwinism in school was illegal and this passed in 3 s tates, Tennessee being 1.I. Dayton vs. Chattanooga: Wins this trial. Dayton agrees to be put on trial if Dayton members are present at court. II. The Trial A. Judge Raulston: wanted to get publicity from this. B. Prosecution 1. Hicks and Bryan – C. Defense 1. Darrow & Malone, et al – famous lawyers from past cases. Malone is a sophisticate from NY. III. The Argument A. Prosecution – Limit – limit trial to simple Yes/No questions. B. Defense – Expand – expand the case based on speaking the truth and including constitutional exceptions. Against 1st amendment for speaking the truth. 1. â€Å"Greatest Speech† – C. Decision 1.One Expert – Judge allowed 1 expert witness for future appeals D. The Monkey House – referred to Darrow & Malone’s decision to be the one expert that the judge would allow. 1. Cross-examination IV. Verdict A. Trial – John Scopes violated Butler Act and was fined but never had to pay the fine and the verdict was thrown out later down the road. B. Public Opinion – he wins in the court of public opinion, but was convicted in the court of Dayton. Aime Semple MacPherson I. Four Square Gospel – started a gospel in the suburb outside of L. A. church services were new, strange and she conducted herself like a movie star.Became a minor figure in the 1930’s and died in the 40’s. traditionalist who tried to use modern technologies and it backfired. II. Sensual Debauch – III. Scandal Art & Literature, 1920’s I. Lost Generation – so many ppl were killed and it seemed that generation was lost. Referred to as the high culture A. Why so glum? 1. General Cynicism 2. WWI A. Age of Irrationalism – WWI makes no sense. Tactics were irrational, terrorism started and countries were thought to be a bit barbaric. B. All quiet on the western Front, 1929. Eric Remarque – everyone dies 3. Sartre Existentialism â₠¬â€œ brand of philosophy.It means we exist and that’s all there is to life. Everything (religion, politics, etc. ) is all made up. The only lasting society connecting people is fiction. B. Any Joy? 1. Roaring 20’s 2. Behaviorist and psych C. Lit. A. Sinclair Lewis – critically acclaimed. Fits into cynical idea. 1. Main Street, 1920 – is about a woman who is married well and prosperous, but she is unhappy and runs off to a suburban town. 2. Babbitt, 1922- characterization of midwestern life. Became a midlife crisis story and he desired an affair. He was an unhappy individual. B. HL Mencken – refers to middle class as the booshwazee.He falls off the charts and people get ignored of him in 1930’s (pro Nazi) he continues to edit supporting young writers, promoting the next gen of writers. 1. Baltimore Sun D. F. Scott Fitzgerald – novels are glum and cynical. He produced great American literature. Born in 1896, St. Paul, Minnesota and died in 1940. (Alcoholic). He had many failing business’s. I. Bg. & youth A. St. Paul, 1896 B. Princeton > Army – sent to Princeton where he started writing his first book â€Å"this side of paradise†. 1917 joined army. Didn’t return to Princeton just wrote short stories. II. Zelda Sayre – his wife whom he met while training in the army.A. Southern Belle – B. Nervous Breakdown C. Jazz age couple – â€Å"Scott and Zelda† – they were drunk most of their lives, living the high life, appearing to be frivolous, she got sick, was placed in a care facility so Scott could keep writing and then he died of liver disease due to alcoholism. III. Career: * â€Å"Great Gatsby†, 1925 – secures his literary career. Its about Gatsby whose a WWI vet who acquires wealth. In the end Gatsby dies without accomplishing his goals and dreams. Told by a narrator on the outside looking in. About old money and new money. Sad genera tion story that fits into the lost generation era. This Side of Paradise, 1920 – also about the last generation. * Tender is the Night, 1934 – acclaimed and a movie was made out of it. It’s about a touching, loving family and the husband has a nervous breakdown that destroys the family. Drawn from Fitzgerald’s own personal life. * Short Stories – * Hollywood, 1939 – went to Hollywood to earn more money. He was a scriptwriter. Dies here in 1940, the last one he worked on was farewell my lovely. * The Last Tycoon, 1940 – published after his death. About Hollywood producers, scandals from the 1920’s Hollywood tinsel town era. IV. EvaluationErnest Hemingway: Split-Minded I. Bg. 1. Oak Park, 1898 – close to the prairie, spent all his time in the outdoors and skipped school. He worked for a living all the time, had a salary, didn’t just write. 2. Kansas City Star – was a stringer for the paper, trained as a journ alist from ground up, bc hes an outdoorsman his intellectual curiosity draws him to WWI where he drives an ambulance and participates in some attacks. II. WWI A. Italian Front B. â€Å"The Wound† – He was on the front line when a bomb hit his squad and wounded him in the groin area, this wound was thought to have ruined his manhood by others.He convalesces in a Italian hospital and this was the end of his frontline career. Went from here to Toronto Star. III. Paris A. Toronto Star – B. Expatriates – apart of this group, but also critique’s them. C. Serious Writings: – Men w/o Women, 1920 – (cult of masculinity – refers to flight from domesticity, relates back to Daniel Boone) Manly men doing manly things in a manly way, women are not needed. – In Our Time, 1924 – A Farewell to Arms, 1929 The Sun Also Rises, 1926 – People struggling to find relationships due to tough times, not trying to write about â€Å"t he lost generation† but inevitably was.His phrase was â€Å"The earth abides†. IV. War Correspondent A. Spanish/Civil War – 1. For When the Bell Tolls B. WWII V. Noble Prize, 1954 – he received this, but felt this was a mind block afterwards bc he thought all his work had to be up to the standard of winning the prize. A. Existentialism & â€Å"Old Man and the Sea† – existentialism will push you toward adventures but you don’t have to push it toward tragedy. Old man and the sea is about a Cuban going out on a tiny sailboat and catches a sailfish bigger than his boat.On the way back onto the shore he is attacked by sharks who want to eat the dead sailfish, but fails and when he gets to shore the sharks have eaten mostly all the fish, and the Cuban man stumbles back to his shack feeling hes a failure and felt worthless. The townspeople saw the fish bones and thought of the fisherman as a success even though he was asleep when the peop le were viewing this, not knowing what they had thought. VI. â€Å"The Code† – men doing manly things, being a man in a manly way. This is a way men can preserve masculinity in a real way by doing manly things. Charles Lindbergh, 1902 – 1974 I. Bg. biggest hero of the 1920’s for everyone at this time. A. Minnesota + Washington DC – born in Minn. In 1902. Mother name was â€Å"Lands† and her mom was a dentist. Lindbergh family was very rich. Didn’t socialize well and was left out, had few friends, and his dog was his best friend. Always referred to his dog as his best friend. Moved to D. C. to spend time w/his dad and was around congress and politics. II. Tech & Airplanes – A. Univ. of Wisconsin, 1920 – attended the univ. and had an apartment w/his mom off campus. He had bad grades so he and his mom took time away and went on a road trip to Cali. B.Flying 1. Excelsion in Nebraska – Acquires a excelsior motorcyc le and when he got back to Minnesota he traded it for a Jenny Airplane, then flew it to Lambert Field. 2. Lambert Field, St. Louis – huge aviation place. 3. Flying Circuses – traveled with the circus and did airplane acrobatics, made money doing this. (Parachute jumping, airplane walking, and other ways to earn money. ) 4. Army, 1924 – enlisted in Army Air core. Army had best airplanes and he joined so he could fly the best and fastest airplanes. Received Ceremonial General and Army didn’t want Lindbergh in army bc he didn’t fit into the system. . Airmail, 1926 – Lindbergh’s plane crashed 2x and he took the mail with him when he bailed out. Crashed due to flying into bad weather. Got the name â€Å"lucky lindy† bc of this. III. 1927 A. The Accomplishment – he planned to fly across the Atlantic from N. Y. to Paris. Tried to buy a mono winged airplane, was unable to so he contacted Ryan Aircraft in San Diego to buy one fro m them. St. Louis bankers gave him money to buy it as long as their name was on the plane. His planes name was â€Å" Spirit of St. Louis†. He made the trip in about 33 hours, only being about 20 miles off of the destination in Paris.He flew around looking for the field and people heard him and they parked their cars creating a runway with the cars headlights. B. â€Å"Well, we made it† – what Lindbergh has said when he landed and got out of the plane. said â€Å"we† bc he was talking about his him and his plane that made the trip. C. Why such a hero? – Hero bc he made it, survived, worldwide jubilation, became a celebrity, wrote a book called â€Å"we†. Caused Great Depression I. Structuralist II. Monetarist (Rose and Milton Friedman) A. Depression Cycles 1. Runs and stop payments 2. Positive result B. Federal Reserve 1. Benjamin Strong – one of 12 presidents of a fed.Reserve bank. Dominated fed. Reserve systems. Became defacto chair man of the Fed. Reserve banks. Died in 1928. After he died their was squabbling and fighting to become next president overseer. 2. Bank of the U. S. C. F. D. R. Failure 1. Moratorium (temporarily stopping business) – cause a sensation of banking monetarily by shutting them down for a few months. Hoover proposed this but would not establish it until the next president came to office. F. D. R. declines this and wants to come up with his own idea. 1932-33 no bank moratorium happened and this is when banks failed and 14 out of 48 states only had open banks.Great Depression Stats and Conditions I. Business A. US Steal, ex. – Operating at 19. 1% capacity. In 1928 made and sold 60 locomotives and in 1933 they only sold 1. B. Stock Market – stocks dropped to 11% total loss of $74 billion. Money and wealth disappeared. C. Banks – (5,000) D. Bankruptcy – 86,000 businesses declared bankruptcy and many others just shrank. E. G. N. P. (Gross Nat’l Produc t) – 124$ billion in 1928 and 1933 dropped to 41 billion. Economy shrank by over 60%. Started in ’29 and continues to summer of ’33. II. Families A. Wages – 1928 a family of 4 needs $2000 a year to exist.Making less than this you’re poor. In 1932 average family wage is $16. 21 a week making it less than $1000 a year. %60 of families below poverty line. Almost 2/3 of the U. S. population is poor. B. Evictions – people losing their homes and in 1932 273,000 people are evicted, losing their homes. C. Emigration > immigration – more people were leaving the U. S. than people were entering the U. S. D. Unemployment – 15-17 Million people unemployed and 34 million were affected. (Industrial type of family) For agricultural families they had a family size of 7-8, and 11 million were affected.With this combined 1/3 of the U. S. population was unemployed. III. Why No Revolution? Hitler comes to power in the 1930’s in Europe. No revolution in the U. S. A. Guilt – American population blamed themselves, known as the protestant work ethic. (God favors the rich and hard working, you will be successful if you work hard. If you fail its your fault bc the U. S. is land of opportunity. Citizens are inclined to blame themselves during the depression, thinking its God’s punishment for the behavior that went on in the 1920’s. ) Altruistic suicide – Neil Dunkein came up with this.The father/husband thinks that his family will be better without him bc he is a failure and dragging the family down. B. Radical Heritage C. Business Success A. Alfred Butts – created scrabble and became rich B. Howard Johnson – opened up an ice cream shop that became a successful business chain next to movie theatres and became rich C. J. Paul Ghetto – in the oil industry, his industry didn’t go under like most did. He bought up bankrupt oil companies and became a multi billionaire by c onverting oil factories to gas ones. IV. FARMS – 90% in 1770’s to 30% in the 1930’s and less than 2% today. People are migrating off farms.Declining farm commodities is driving people away. A. Prices drop – wheat is 25 cents, oats 10 cents, hogs and beef 2 ? cents per lb. , corn 7 cents a bushel. Costs a $1. 10 to raise a sheep and sell wool and you can only make 1$ back. Prices are not enough to be sufficient. No profit to be made. Drought comes upon farmers in the 30’s and makes it worse. B. Dust Bowl – refers to a geographic area out in the Oklahoma & Texas panhandle, parts of Kansas and New Mexico. Oklahoma got the image as being from the dust bowl. Long-term thing that pushed people of their land and went out west looking for jobs. Outsiders called those people â€Å"Okies†.V. The Dole – refers to private charity in place when unemployment hits. A. Local Relief – $5. 50 a week from charity a week, 286$ a year in Philly. NY is $2. 37 a week, 123$ a year & Mississippi is $1. 50 a week, 178$ a year. You have to be completely broke (no relatives to live with, no home, no job and if you accept this your kids cant go to school bc your not paying taxes since you have no property bc people pay taxes to support schools). B. Stigma VI. Middle Class Impact A. Psych Burden – Falls on the women, creating a return to domesticity. Returns to wife and mother stayiat home doing housework. B.Street Smarts – finding ways to save money (dine and dash, repairing your shoes on your own instead of buying new ones if falling apart, reusing bed sheets, filling up on as much food for as little as possible) VII. Changing US Attitudes A. Business status decreases B. Family Structure 1. â€Å"Holding their own† –Women holding their own as the domesticity returns. C. Federal Status/Image- only federal action can cure the situation. Acceptance of federal presence in everyone’s live s (G-men come about, FBI ^) D. Changing U. S. Appearance – pollution declines, water and air is cleaner, traffic is less, petty crimes increase.Movies increase as well as gas production. Okie migration, black farmers are leaving the farms in the south. Herbert Hoover – 1874-1964 I. Beginning: 19th century traditionalist A. In 1895 he had 40$, invested it and in 1908 had $4million B. Youth: he was orphaned off from Iowa he went to Oregon at age 7. C. Stanford – B. S. 1895 1. Elected class treasurer, ran for office 2x and won both. Graduated with a B. S. in Geology. D. Hard rock miner – mining through granite, igneous rock, rocks that require blasting and you go 1,000s of feet underground. 1. Nevada: 1895-97 – worked here in the silver boom-mining period.Lost his job when the rush was over, so he didn’t give u, he went to Alaska unemployed. 2. Alaska Gold Rush: 1897 A. Afghan Mine – closed abandoned mine. Hoover investigated and using h is geology skills he found that their was more gold to be found. Goes around and raises 500,000$ to onstruct a deep rock mine. He was successful and they dug out $55 million worth of gold and the investors got a 10$ million dollar profit. With this success he became a mining consultant. 3. Consultant – he became a mining consultant; going around helping mine companies dig in mines and be more successful and sufficient.E. World Travels 1. Boxer Rebellion 1900 –Boxers were rebelling the Chinese emperor about the European influence. Hoover was in Peking China with his wife and saved innocent victims from a burning building. 2. WWI – too old to fight, but is helping out with distributing American soldiers on the line. Serves on Commission of Relief, distributing relief to soldiers throughout the war. Food Admin was set up and it wasn’t doing very well so Hoover was appointed to this administration making it work terming it Hooverizing the administration due t o the success with him in charge. F. Sec. f Commerce – Harding was elected Hoover became Sec. of Commerce. II. Hoover and depression A. President, 1928-32, 29-33 – B. Causes of Depression – Stock market crashed in ’29, Hoover believed not to do anything thinking it would weed out the inefficient and the country will just ride it out. He believes the problems are external rooting from WWI debts such as war debts and reparation, thinking the European weakness was dragging us down. During the depression he was encouraging everyone, keeping businesses open, not striking or firing employees, but he was becoming aware this was doing nothing significant. C. Policy 1.Inaction – did nothing to help the economy until he realized the economy wouldn’t recover itself. 2. Action – By 1929 he enacted a Tax cut on the Ag. Market known as Ag. Marketing Act. This was enactive so the fed came up with $5mil for Ag farmers to purchase excess farm material and store them until the commodity price rose and they could sell it back off. This was ineffective in 1929 as well. Smoot Hawley Tariff was created raising tariff from 50 to 100% meant to be a wall protecting the American economy from the weak European economy. He then enacted a 1 year free of paying off loan payments from the European countries to the U.S. this did not work either. III. Bonus Army, 1932 : Hoover in 1932 enacted the Recon. Finance Corp. – meant to give large corporations 2. 5$ billion in loans in the states to do corporate work hiring workers, making the money trickle down. Doesn’t work either. Doesn’t work. Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 was created loaning money to banks so people could keep their houses, renegotiating mortgage rates and avoid foreclosure. The breathing space of a few months did not stall the foreclosure rates, just stalled it, bc if people still were unemployed they couldn’t pay the banks. Stipulations given to WWI veter ans. A.WWI Adjusted (compensation certificates, 1924) B. Walter â€Å"Hot† Waters – gave fiery speeches at govt. advocating that payments to veterans be paid now not wait unitl the 1940’s. Characterized as leader of the veteran movement. Wanted a march on Washington bc Hoover vetoed this bill allowing vets to be paid early. C. Congress vs. Hoover D. American Legion – veteran organization, they opposed early payment; do not support bonus march on Washington. They support Hoover and his veto of early payments. E. Bonus March, summer 1932 – veterans were mostly homeless, they hopped on trains and hitchhiked and there were in-between 10-20,000 appear in D.C. They flocked to Potomac flats and set up shanty towns/boxes for housing. Requires a structured living quarters. I. Anacostia Flats – some of these veterans move into rundown buildings and factories. When the police tried to remove them they threw bricks and stuff to ward off the cops. 1. Hoo ver image vs. Reality – he was considered to be unsympathetic and hard nosed. 2. Gen. D. MacArthur – Helped assist the Washington police to remove veterans from the buildings w/army warfare and they destroyed the buildings and encampments as well. Looked scary and really bad on the live newsfeed that captured it.Hoover did not order this, MacArthur did this on his own. Hoover criticized MacArthur in private voicing his displeasures. II. Hoover Reviled – Reviled bc his image was him ordering the veterans to me killed and removed when in fact this was not true. Hoover blankets (sleeping on benches covered with newspapers), hoovervilles (living quarters made out of cardboard shacks), and hoover hog (whatever edible food you could find and make or eat) was named while he was president. Last stint as a huge public icon. A. Pop Culture B. Election C. Rehabilitation, 1950 and 60 FDR & New DealsI. FDR – Most dominant political figure in American history, elec ted 4 straight times. He felt it was appropriate and just the fact that he could get elected tells how powerful and influential he was. A. Beginning and youth. He was distant cousin of Theodore Roosevelt. Heritage went back to a wealthy English family that was luxurious and didn’t have to work bc the family had millions. Grew up in the rich community, but he was hard working man who went to a private academy and attended Harvard. Worked as Police Commissioner in NY and served as assistant secretary of the navy.B. Polio, 1921 – attacks fluid in spinal column and kills nerves, paralyzing hips, knees and legs. If moved to you’re diaphragm then you had the aggressive type. Roosevelt had non-aggressive and was paralyzed from the waist down. He caught this when on vacation while on a party boat that housed a dozen or so people. Swimming back to the boat caught his polio after he swam from an island. Without polio he supposedly would not have the same success he would without it. People that voted for him knew he had polio. II. 1932 Election A. Gov. of NY B.New Deal – provide people with a do over, that would rescue the country from the depression. C. Brain Trust – old progressive idea. Means he relies on expert knowledge. Hiring people in fields that are the smartest, president doesn’t know everything of every field. These people were his Brain Trust’s listed below. They were the ones advising him on what decisions to make. He would make final decision of their arguments on certain topics. A. Ray Moley – â€Å"the mole† pro business, wrote some of early speeches for FDR. B. Louie Howe – FDR’s oldest friend. Helped him with rehab and stayed by his side.Grounding to reality type of person to keep him intact with reality. C. Jim Farley – liaison between White House and Democrats. D. Harry Hopkins – Became the face of the New Deal. Head of WPA. E. Rexford Tugwell – Head of TPA. Economics professor at Columbia Univ. III. 1st 100 Days, 1st New Deal – outpouring of legislation. 14 major pieces of legislation were passed. This means congress passed legislation that were not finalized, they were outlined, congress passed them and president Roosevelt ok’ed them. A. First inaugural – the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. Pep talk to not get people depressed. B. FDR StyleA. Pragmatist – mot tied to any ideology, makes decisions based on certain instances. He calls himself this, not publicly, but he thinks of himself as a political quarterback. Make radical ideas until the economy is back to par, and then he will become conservative. B. Final Arbiter – he had the final say so in the cabinet and if you didn’t agree you got out. C. Genius? Yes and No. Wasn’t always the brightest, he was a second class student, but confident in the ideas and philosophies he did have. 1. Intellect 2. Empathy and charisma â €“ people liked him bc he had this, just something that came naturally. D. Use of Media – 1.Fireside Chats – people listed to his speeches by the fire, communicating directly to people in their living rooms. Big power that he used to his advantage. 2. 16 Friends – FDR controlled the press, most of these were paper editors. He used these informal friends to write stories, shave stories for the better and not tell some stories in their papers. 3. Govt. Shorts – refers to short films, promoting various govt. programs. â€Å"The Plow that Broke the Plains† and â€Å"The River†. Appeared in the movie theatres that were in-between movie films. IV. Eleanor’s Role – FDR’s wife. Allowed herself to be used by her husband for political purposes.If he was unsure about an idea how it would play with the public, he would have his wife propose the issue, looking like she would give them the idea, and the President and cabinet membe rs would wait for the press to respond and see how they took the news to know if it would be a good idea. Helped insulate her husband from political fallout when necessary. V. 1st 100 days & 1st New Deal A. Cabinet 1. Henry Wallace 2. Harold Ickes 3. Frances Perkins –1st female cabinet member, lawyer by training. 4. Harry Hopkins B. Legislation 1. Banking Crisis – over 5,000 banks closed and people that had money in them lost it all.A. Bank holiday – declared bank holiday over fireside chats closing all banks for 1-2 weeks. Designed to make the public be less panicky. B. Banking Act – Gives President authority to close the banks. Takes U. S. off gold standard. Paper money no longer tied to amount of gold in federal repository. C. Glass-Steagle Act – June of 1933, reform legislation. Separates commercial and investment banking. Establishes FDIC, still in place today. 1. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. $5,000 limit at the tim e. 2. National Industrial Recovery Act – 1st solution to recover the industrial industry.Created NRA (National Recovery Administration). A. NRA & Blue Eagle – symbols of politics B. Public works: PWA – NRA oversaw this. $3 Billion went to support PWA projects, paid %40-60, which was labor costs. C. Codes of Fair Competition 1. Title 1, Section 7A 3. Agricultural Adjustment Act A. Goals B. Actions – encouraged farmers to destroy livestock and crops. 1. Short Term – 2. Long term – Estab. program of subsidy to farmers to limit them on their crop growth C. Criticism – burning of crops and killing livestock b/c people are on the streets starving at the time. If you’re going to subsidize farmers farm everyone else.D. Success – stops downward spiral of overproduction. 4. Civilian Conservation Corps A. Goals – Create jobs for youth men – Employs some 300,000 men, segregated B. Program – employ males in t he age range of 18-25 that are married and jobless. 30$ monthly. Doing natural resource work (fighting fires, building buildings, fixing up communities, conservation type work). C. Criticism- CCC men are referred to as Military Brown Shirts. This is compared to things going on in Germany. People assert this to Roosevelt’s private army. D. Success – did a 180-degree swing and became very successful based on the pics.Becomes one of the most popular ideas out of the New Deal. 5. Tennessee Valley Authority A. Goals B. Accomplished C. Criticism D. Success New Deals I. Evaluations: A. Relief: Roosevelt credited w/preserving American democratic institutions. B. Recover: Considered to be a failure. WWII solved the depression not the reforms. C. Reform: put into place regulations, preserving prosperity. Insufficient reforms or to many reforms had be pulled back and repealed? Women and Great Depression I. Family status: A. Marriage: rates decline. Put on hold b/c of uncertainty of the future. B.Divorce: rates decline. Increased in the 1920’s, but collapsed in the 30’s due to having to separate and having a lack of opportunities outside of marriage. C. Births: declining rates. II. Ag Women: A. Rates are down: Ag families having 5-6 kids per family are becoming less. B. Rural Electrification – electricity to the farms were beneficial and helped even during the depression. 1935 1-10 Farms have electricity. 1941 4-10 farms have electricity. III. Working women: A. 1930 Census: 11 million women working constitute 24% of female population and are 22% of all workers at the time. B. 940 Census: 13 million women working constitute 25% of the female population and are 25% of all the workers at the time. IV. Gender Roles and Feminism A. Domesticity is up – the word feminism changes in its connotation. B. Role Models: 1. Feminist’s – Eleanor has an all female staff, gaining training in political world. 2. Traditional – s erving her husband as first lady. Women in sports represented the new woman in the 1920’s. In the 30’s you had to be beautiful and have female qualities if you wanted to be an athlete. All women were expected to be attractive. Depression Hollywood I.Stats – 60-80 movies a week and 500 a year. 1930’s attendance was 10 million. Quarter for adult and 10 cents for a kid. In between movies you saw cartoon, govt. short or other reels. II. Studios: MGM, 20th Century Fox, Paramount, Warner Bros. and RKO are the only studios that survived. Continue in vertical integration and wanted to control everything, working out deals to make profits and show movies in each other’s studios. A. Formula Evolution III. Cynicism in 1934: Hollywood is pushing censorships. IV. Censorship Est. : A. Production Code, 1930 – sometimes called the 10 commandments for movies of what they can and cant do.Violence is euphemistic, human relationships are moderated. B. Movies 19 31-33: by this time the producers are violating their own codes. Brief depictions of female nudity. Scandalous and boycotting are becoming threatening. Uproar is so great that Hollywood takes action, thinking htat if audience wont come then they finally stop with this and hire joseph Breen to view and censor movies from 1934 on. C. Joseph Breen: looks at scripts and tears out the parts that can’t be portrayed. (You can say pregnant in movies, so you say a woman is expecting.You can’t show a woman and man in bed unless one of them has a foot on the floor even if married. Hetero-social circumstances disappear due to the thought of scaring the audience away and losing money. ) Dance/musicals are the only way a man and woman can be embracing and moving in the 1960’s. V. Up Beat A. Hollywood 1934 – IV. Women’s Roles A. Light and Dark – means virtuous woman (light woman) and she always gets the guy at the end. The dark woman (licentious woman) who goes after the guy and gets him for a moment eventually comes to a bad head and he goes to get the light woman.